Does the question pass all five checks?
| Test | Pass | Fail signal | Repair |
|---|---|---|---|
| Task fit | The question or aim matches the coursework component for your subject and assessment session. | It was copied from another subject, an older syllabus, or a generic IA-question formula. | Open the current task description first; keep only the question shape that your component actually requires. |
| Evidence | You can name the data, sources, texts, observations, artefacts, or other evidence that could answer it. | The question sounds interesting but depends on evidence you cannot obtain or are not allowed to use. | Rewrite around evidence you can realistically collect, access, or analyse. |
| Analysis | You can say what you will do with the evidence beyond describing it. | The plan ends at gathering facts, measurements, quotations, or examples. | Name the comparison, calculation, interpretation, model, source analysis, or reasoning step that will produce an answer. |
| Scope | The question can be answered with enough depth inside the component's actual limit and available time. | Answering it properly would require several separate investigations or a survey of an entire field. | Narrow one variable, case, period, population, text, mechanism, or comparison - whichever your subject makes relevant. |
| Feasibility | Access, safety, ethics, equipment, participants, permissions, and timing have been checked where they apply. | A critical dependency is still hypothetical: a dataset, participant group, archive, instrument, or approval you do not yet have. | Resolve the dependency before drafting, or change the question so the work does not rely on it. |
How do weak starting points become tighter questions?
These are original iBacalao planning examples, not official exemplars and not scoring guarantees. Their purpose is to expose what changed: scope, evidence, variables, case definition, or analysis.
Group 1 - Language & literature
English Literature
Weak starting point · Themes in Hamlet.
Tighter version · How does Shakespeare use soliloquy in Act III to position the audience's sympathy for Hamlet?
Close reading of one technique in one scene.
- IV / focus:
- Soliloquy passages selected
- DV / outcome:
- Audience sympathy / positioning (argued)
- Evidence:
- Annotated extracts + secondary criticism
- Scope trap:
- Whole-play summary
Language & Literature
Weak starting point · How is advertising persuasive?
Tighter version · How does multimodal layout in one charity campaign construct its target reader?
One campaign, one reader construction - fits Lang & Lit analysis.
- IV / focus:
- Layout / mode choices
- DV / outcome:
- Reader positioning (argued)
- Evidence:
- Annotated ads + course concepts
- Scope trap:
- Many campaigns with no depth
Group 2 - Language acquisition
Spanish B
Weak starting point · Is Spanish useful?
Tighter version · How does the candidate use past-tense narration vs present commentary to structure the individual oral photo description?
Oral IA - question targets performance structure, not a written RQ.
- IV / focus:
- Tense / structure choices in oral
- DV / outcome:
- Coherence of description (rubric-aligned)
- Evidence:
- Recorded oral against rubric criteria
- Scope trap:
- Treating the oral like a written IA
Group 3 - Individuals & societies
Economics
Weak starting point · Are taxes good or bad?
Tighter version · Commentary on a recent article about a national sugar tax, analysed with an indirect-tax diagram, incidence, and welfare loss.
One article, one diagram - the actual Economics IA format.
- IV / focus:
- Policy change in the article
- DV / outcome:
- Incidence / DWL in your diagram
- Evidence:
- Named article + labelled diagram
- Scope trap:
- General debate with no article
Business Management
Weak starting point · How can a café improve sales?
Tighter version · Should [local café] introduce a loyalty app to improve customer retention, given current repeat-purchase data?
Real business, one decision, tools you can apply.
- IV / focus:
- Loyalty intervention (proposed)
- DV / outcome:
- Retention / repeat purchase rate
- Evidence:
- Sales logs, customer survey, financial estimates
- Scope trap:
- No access to real business data
History IA topics and research questions
Weak starting point · Was World War One inevitable?
Tighter version · To what extent was the Schlieffen Plan responsible for Germany's failure to win a quick victory in 1914?
Bounded in time with evaluable sources.
- IV / focus:
- Schlieffen Plan decisions (as factor)
- DV / outcome:
- Speed of victory / stalemate outcome
- Evidence:
- Two evaluated primary/secondary sources
- Scope trap:
- Whole-war question in 2,200 words
Geography
Weak starting point · Is urbanisation bad?
Tighter version · How does distance from the city centre affect building height along a transect in [your city]?
Field data collection with one clear gradient.
- IV / focus:
- Distance from CBD
- DV / outcome:
- Building height (m)
- Evidence:
- Transect survey points
- Scope trap:
- Mixed land uses on one transect line
Global Politics
Weak starting point · Why is politics important?
Tighter version · How effectively does a local refugee-support NGO influence municipal housing policy?
Engagement project with a political issue and stakeholders.
- IV / focus:
- NGO engagement activities
- DV / outcome:
- Policy influence indicators
- Evidence:
- Interviews, documents, meeting records
- Scope trap:
- Issue too broad for 2,000-word report
Psychology (2027 proposal)
Weak starting point · Does memory get worse with age?
Tighter version · How could a survey study test whether social-media multitasking predicts self-reported attention difficulties in students aged 16–18?
Proposal format - aim, population, method - not a finished experiment write-up.
- IV / focus:
- Multitasking score (proposed measure)
- DV / outcome:
- Attention difficulty score
- Evidence:
- Proposed questionnaire + ethics plan
- Scope trap:
- Writing up results you never collected
Group 4 - Sciences
Biology
Weak starting point · How does temperature affect enzymes?
Tighter version · How does temperature (10–50 °C) affect the rate of catalase activity in potato extract, measured as volume of O₂ produced in 60 s?
Names enzyme, range, and measure - one experiment you could start tomorrow.
- IV / focus:
- Water-bath temperature (10–50 °C)
- DV / outcome:
- Volume of O₂ in 60 s
- Evidence:
- Gas syringe readings, 5 temps × 5 trials
- Scope trap:
- No enzyme named; effect confounded by H₂O₂ age
Chemistry
Weak starting point · What affects reaction rate?
Tighter version · How does the concentration of sodium thiosulfate (0.05–0.25 mol dm⁻³) affect the rate of its reaction with dilute HCl, measured by the disappearing-cross method?
One variable, one method, a range for order-of-reaction analysis.
- IV / focus:
- Na₂S₂O₃ concentration
- DV / outcome:
- Time for cross to disappear
- Evidence:
- Timed runs at 5 concentrations
- Scope trap:
- Multiple variables changed at once
Physics
Weak starting point · How do pendulums work?
Tighter version · How does the length of a simple pendulum (0.10–1.00 m) affect its period, and what value of g does the gradient of T² against L give?
States the graph and the constant you will extract.
- IV / focus:
- Pendulum length
- DV / outcome:
- Period T
- Evidence:
- T² vs L plot, uncertainty on gradient
- Scope trap:
- Angle too large - small-angle approximation breaks
ESS
Weak starting point · How does pollution affect ecosystems?
Tighter version · How does distance from a road (10–100 m) affect lichen coverage on tree trunks as a bioindicator of air quality?
Field transect with one gradient and one measurable indicator.
- IV / focus:
- Distance from road
- DV / outcome:
- Lichen cover % on trunks
- Evidence:
- Quadrat/transect data along one site
- Scope trap:
- Multiple pollution sources along the transect
SEHS
Weak starting point · Does exercise help performance?
Tighter version · How does warm-up duration (0, 5, 10, 15 min) affect vertical jump height in school athletes aged 16–18?
Controlled manipulation with a sport-relevant DV.
- IV / focus:
- Warm-up duration
- DV / outcome:
- Vertical jump height (cm)
- Evidence:
- Repeated jumps per condition, paired design
- Scope trap:
- Fatigue order effects without counterbalancing
Computer Science
Weak starting point · Can AI help students?
Tighter version · How effectively does a revision-quiz web app reduce average time-to-complete for a fixed question set compared with paper revision?
Computational solution with measurable success criteria.
- IV / focus:
- Revision mode (app vs paper)
- DV / outcome:
- Time to complete quiz
- Evidence:
- Logged timings from prototype testing
- Scope trap:
- Product built but success criteria never tested
Group 5 - Mathematics
Maths AA
Weak starting point · How is calculus used in real life?
Tighter version · What release angle maximises the range of a basketball free throw, modelling the ball as a projectile?
Specific optimisation with a quantity to compare against video/data.
- IV / focus:
- Release angle
- DV / outcome:
- Horizontal range
- Evidence:
- Model output vs measured throws
- Scope trap:
- No comparison to real data
Maths AI
Weak starting point · Is there a link between screen time and sleep?
Tighter version · Is the relationship between daily screen time and sleep duration in a sampled cohort better modelled as linear or logarithmic?
Compares models on the same dataset - clear analysis path.
- IV / focus:
- Screen time (hours)
- DV / outcome:
- Sleep duration (hours)
- Evidence:
- Survey data + regression comparison
- Scope trap:
- Correlation without controlling confounds
Group 6 - The arts
Visual Arts
Weak starting point · How do artists use colour?
Tighter version · How does your use of restricted palette in three resolved artworks communicate a consistent conceptual focus?
Tied to your own body of work, not art history in general.
- IV / focus:
- Palette restriction (your choice)
- DV / outcome:
- Conceptual focus communicated
- Evidence:
- Photos of your works + process notes
- Scope trap:
- Generic art history with no own work
Film
Weak starting point · What makes a good film?
Tighter version · How does sound design in one selected sequence establish tension before the narrative reveal?
One film, one sequence, one craft element.
- IV / focus:
- Sound design choices in sequence
- DV / outcome:
- Tension (audience response argued)
- Evidence:
- Shot-by-shot analysis + audio cues
- Scope trap:
- Plot summary of entire film
Music
Weak starting point · How does music affect mood?
Tighter version · How do changes in tempo and dynamics in your original composition reflect the stated programmatic narrative?
Your composition, linked technique to intent.
- IV / focus:
- Tempo / dynamics sections
- DV / outcome:
- Programmatic narrative alignment
- Evidence:
- Score excerpts + recording
- Scope trap:
- General psychology of music with no composition
Dance
Weak starting point · Why is dance emotional?
Tighter version · How does your use of stillness versus repetition in one choreographed phrase communicate the chosen stimulus?
Choreographic choice tied to one phrase.
- IV / focus:
- Stillness vs repetition
- DV / outcome:
- Stimulus communication (argued)
- Evidence:
- Video of phrase + choreographic notes
- Scope trap:
- General essay on dance history
What questions come up when narrowing an Internal Assessment question?
Is an Internal Assessment topic the same as a research question?
“Sleep and memory” is a topic. A research question tells you what, exactly, you will test or argue about it and which evidence could answer it. If five different investigations could fit the same wording, you probably still have a topic.
How narrow should an Internal Assessment research question be?
Try describing the evidence you will actually collect or analyse in one sentence. If that sentence needs several datasets, experiments, texts, or case studies to answer separate parts of the question, the scope is probably too wide. Narrow one variable, case, period, population, or comparison.
Does every Internal Assessment need a formal research question?
The phrase “research question” is not universal across Internal Assessment components. Current Biology, Chemistry, and Physics scientific investigations use one; other subjects may frame the task differently. Check the component description before forcing a question formula onto coursework that does not ask for one.
Sources & verification
Primary-source references used to verify key assessment facts on this page. Last source check: September 26, 2026.
There is no universal research-question formula for all Diploma Programme Internal Assessment components. The current subject guide and assessment session determine the actual task.
- IB - Biology examiner instructions: scientific investigationCurrent sciences context for a student-formulated scientific investigation.
- IB - Business Management guide (first assessment 2024)Primary subject guide for the Business Management research project.
- IB - History curriculum updateOfficial update for the redesigned History course and its historical inquiry requirements.

